MS-EXCEL

MICROSOFT EXCEL
microsoft excel is a spreadsheet, which can be used 4 financial evaluation (assessment) calculation and mathematical manipulation. it is important 4 all to be able to use this application.

                 Fifth generation of computers

Fifth generation of computers (1984-1990)
In this period, computer technology achieved more superiority and parallel processing, which was until limited to vector processing and pipelining, where hundreds of processors could all work on various parts of a single program. There were introduction of systems like the Sequent Balance 8000, which connected up to twenty processors to one shared memory module.
This machine was as competent as the DEC VAX-780 in the context that it had a general purpose UNIX system and each processor worked on a different user's job. On the other hand, INTEL IPSC-I or Hypercube, as it was called, connected each processor to its own memory and used a network interface to connect the processors. With the concept of distributed network coming in, memory posed no further problem and the largest IPSC-I was built with 128 processors. Towards the end of the fifth generation, another parallel processing was introduced in the devices, which were called Data parallel or SIMD. In this system, all the processors operate under the instruction of a single control unit.
In this generation semiconductor memories became the standard were pursued vigorously. Other developments were the increasing use of single user workstations and widespread use of computer networks. Both wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) developed at an incredible pace and led to a distributed computing environment. RISC technology i.e. a particular technique for the internal organization of CPU and the plunging cost of RAM ushered in huge gains in computational power of comparatively cheaper servers and workstations. This generation also witnessed a sharp increase in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of scientific visualization.
sixth generation of computer [1990-till date]
Of all those changes that have taken place in the field of computer technology, some changes are abrupt whereas others are defined. In the current period, this transition from one period to another is clear only in retrospect because most of them are gradual advancements of an already established system. This present generation of computer technology is highly related with parallel computing and several growth areas has been noticed in this area, in both hardware part and in the better understanding of how to develop algorithms to make full use of massive parallel architectures.
Though vector system is equally in use, it is often speculated that the future would be dominated by parallel systems. However, there are several devices where there are combinations of parallel-vector architectures. Fujitsu Corporation is planning to build a system with more than 200 vector processors. Another goal of this sixth generation is to attain Tera flops i.e. ten arithmetic operations per second and that can be done by building up a system with more than thousand processors. Currently, the processors are constructed with a combination of RISC, pipe lining and parallel processing.
Networking technology is spreading rapidly and one of the most conspicuous growths of the sixth generation computer technology is the huge growth of WAN. For regional network, T1 is the standard and the national "backbone" uses T3 to interconnect the regional networks. Finally, the rapid advancement and high level of awareness regarding computer technology is greatly indebted to the two legislation. Just like the Lax report of 1982, the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, Information Infrastructure, and technology Act of 1992 have strengthened and ensured the scope of high performance computing. The former has ensured the establishment of high performance computing and communications programming (HP CCP) and the later has reinforced the necessity of making leading edge technologies available to academicians right from kindergarten up to graduation level.

Source: Smyleworld Info-Tech
07037370963

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

                                                

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
Mainframe computers can also process data at very high speeds vi.e., hundreds of million instructions per second and they are also quite expensive. Normally, they are used in banking, airlines and railways etc for their applications.
Mini Computers
Mini computers are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage capacity. They are also less expensive than mainframe computers. Some of the features of mainframes will not be available in mini computers. Hence, their performance also will be less than that of mainframes.

Micro Computers
The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the much cheaper micro computers. They are further classified into
Desktop Computers
Laptop Computers
Handheld Computers(PDAs)

Source; Smyleworld Info-Tech
07037370963

ACE, ENIAC and EDVAC

ACE, ENIAC and EDVAC: the journey from conceptualization to implementation
Just after the completion of the war, Max Newman founded the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University, with the aim of building a high-speed, general-purpose, stored-program digital computing device from a large number of vacuum tubes. With the same purpose in mind, Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London. Soon he brought a proposal on how to design and develop an electronic stored-program digital computer for scientific work in the Mathematics division and it was christened as Automatic Computing Engine or ACE (by John Womersley, his senior). The proposal Contained detailed circuit designs, specification of hardware units, specimen program in machine code and even an estimate of the construction cost of the device.

In 1945, as mentioned earlier, Von Neumann wrote the first draft report on EDVAC. EDVAC was the first electronic stored-program digital computer to be proposed in the U.S. ACE and EDVAC had fundamental difference - like Ace used distributed processing while EDVAC had a centralized structure. Von Neumann, conceiver of EDVAC was a distinguished figure and his writings and public addresses made the concept of high-speed, stored-program digital computer, widely known. Thus these computers, though inappropriate, are often referred to as the "Von Neumann machine".
As far as Turing is concerned, from the very beginning he had a fixation about speed and memory of the computer. However, due to organizational difficulties at NPL, the work on Turing's ACE was progressing very slowly and in 1948, Turing left NPL for Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University. In 1950, the small pilot model of ACE was completed (by Wilkinson, Edward, Woodger and others) and it executed a program with an operating speed of 1 MHZ. It was regarded as the world's fastest computer for sometime.
The production version of the pilot model ACE was called DEUCE and its sale exceeded thirty. Turing's ACE design became the torchbearer for many other computers, of which Bendix G15 is mention worthy. G15 was perhaps the first personal computer in the world. As regarding the production of EDVAC (1945), it took six years to be completed. But since the originators were no more involved, others had to complete it.